Children make up approximately one-quarter of the U.S. population and all our nation’s future. Ample evidence confirms that investing in children results in near and long-term positive outcomes for them and the country’s overall economy, yet First Focus on Children’s annual Children’s Budget illustrates they historically have not received anywhere close to their fair share of government funds.
We have seen the game-changing, positive outcomes stemming from increased resources dedicated to children and families. Improvements made to the Child Tax Credit in the American Rescue Plan Act nearly cut the U.S. child poverty rate in half in 2021 and reduced racial economic disparities. Despite the success and popularity of the Child Tax Credit payments, they expired at the end of 2021.
The fight continues to reinstate improvements to the Child Tax Credit and increase overall investments for children. The evidence is on our side, and it is a critical tool in building the political will needed for lasting progress.
As a result, First Focus on Children created the Child Investment Research Hub, as a one-stop-shop where child advocates and decision-makers can access the full array of research available on the positive consequences of investing in our children.
We will be updating this resource as frequently as possible. Please send any feedback to Cara Baldari at carab@firstfocus.org letting us know how this hub can be most useful to your work or if you see any resources missing from this list.
U.S. Census Bureau: Child poverty more than doubled in 2022
Categories of Research:
- Child Development
- Child Welfare
- Employment Outcomes
- Family Economic Mobility
- Health and Nutrition
- Long-Term Child Outcomes
- State / Local Impact
Updated as of September 12, 2023
Child Development
- Federal Pandemic Relief and Academic Recovery
Dewey, Dan (Harvard University), Fahle, Erin (Stanford University), Kane, Thomas J. (Harvard University), Reardon, Sean F. (Stanford University), Staiger, Douglas O. (Dartmouth University) | June 2024 - State-Level Macro-Economic Factors Moderate the Association of Income with Brain Structure and Mental Health in U.S. Children
Nature Communications Weissman, David G.; Hatzenbuehler, Mark L.; Cikara, Mina; Barch, Deanna M.;McLaughlin, Katie A. | May 2023 - Does Unconditional Cash during Pregnancy Affect Infant Health?
Social Science Research Network Georgetown University, McCourt School of Public Policy Ruffini, Krista | March 2023 - Effects of the 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit on Adults’ Mental Health: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Health Affairs Batra, Akansha; Jackson, Kaitlyn; Hamad, Rita | January 2023 - Evaluation of New Mexico State University’s 100% New Mexico Initiative
Chapin Hall McCrae, Julie S.; Spain, Angeline K.; Rivera, Saúl | April 2022 - Twenty Year Outcomes of an Unconditional Cash Transfer
Copeland, William E.; Tong, Guangyu; Gaydosh, Lauren; Hill, Sherika; Godwin, Jennifer; Shanahan, Lilly; Costello, Elizabeth | March 2022 - The Impact of a Poverty Reduction Intervention on Infant Brain Activity
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Troller-Renfree, Sonya V.; Costanzo, Molly A.; Dunan, Greg J.; Magnuson, Katherine; Gennetian, Lisa A.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Halpern-Meekin, Sarah; Fox, Nathan A.; Noble, Kimberly G. | December 2021 - The Case for a Universal Child Allowance in the United States
Cornell Policy Review VerValin, Joe | October 2018 - State of the Art Review: Poverty and the Developing Brain
Johnson, Sara B.; Riis, Jenna L; Noble, Kimberly G. | April 2016 - Family Income, Parental Education and brain structure in Children and Adolescents
Nature Neuroscience Noble, Kimberly G. et al. | March 2015 - Income, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and Infant Health
American Economic Association Hoynes, Hilary; Miller, Doug; Simon, David | February 2015 - Family Poverty Affects the Rate of Human Infant Brain Growth
NIH, National Library of Medicine Hanson, Jamie J.; Hair, Nicole; Shen, Dinggang G; Shi, Feng; Gilmore, John H.; Wolfe, Barbara L.; Pollak, Seth D. | December 2013 - Building a New Biodevelopmental Framework to Guide the Future of Early Childhood Policy
Harvard University Shonkoff, Jack P. | February 2010 - Investment in Early Childhood Development Lays the Foundation for a Prosperous and Sustainable Society
Shonkoff, Jack P. | December 2009
Child Welfare
- Child and Family Well-Being System: Economic & Concrete Supports as a Core Component
Chapin Hall | March 2023 - The Effects of Child Poverty Reductions on Child Protective Services Involvement
The University of Chicago Pac, Jessica; Collyer, Sophie; Berger, Lawrence; O’Brien, Kirk, Parker, Elizabeth; Pecora, Peter; Rostad, Whitney; Waldfogel, Jane; Wimer, Christopher | February 2023 - Association of Expanded Child Tax Credit Payments With Child Abuse and Neglect Emergency Department Visits
(Columbia Center on Poverty & Social Policy) Lindsey Rose Bullinger, Angela Boy | February 2023 - Income and Child Maltreatment: Evidence from a Discontinuity in Tax Benefits
Rittenhouse, Katherine | November 2022 - Short-Term Effects of Tax Credits on Rates of Child Maltreatment Reports in the United States
Pediatrics Kovski, Nicole L.; Hill, Heather D.; Mooney, Stephen J.; Rivara, Frederick P.; Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali | June 2022 - Systemically Neglected: How Racism Structures Public Systems to Produce Childhood Neglect
Center for the Study of Social Policy Minoff, Elisa and Citrin, Alexandra | March 2022
Employment Outcomes
- Work Requirements: What Are They? Do They Work?
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation | May 2023 - Effects of the Expanded Child Tax Credit on Employment Outcomes: Evidence from Real-World Data from April to December 2021
Ananat, Elizabeth; Glasner, Benjamin; Hamilton, Christal; Parolin, Zachary | March 2022 - The Expanded Child Tax Credit and Parental Employment: Tenuous Evidence Points to Work Disincentives
Jain Family Institute Landry, Jack | February 2022 - The Effects of Child Tax Benefits on Poverty and Labor Supply: Evidence from the Canada Child Benefit and Universal Child Care Benefit
National Bureau of Economic Research Baker, Michael; Messacar, Derek; Stabile, Mark | March 2021 - The Labor Market Impacts of Universal and Permanent Cash Transfers: Evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund
National Bureau of Economic Research Jones, Damon and Marinescu, Ioana | January 2020 - Niskanen Report: Toward a Universal Child Benefit
Niskanen Center Hammond, Samuel and Orr, Robert | October 2016
Family Economic Mobility
- Expiration of Pandemic Relief Led to Record Increases in Poverty and Child Poverty in 2022
(Center on Budget and Policy Priorities) Trisi, Danilo | June 2024 - The Role of Government Transfers in the Child Poverty Gap by Race and Ethnicity: A Focus on Black, Latino, and White Children
(Columbia Center on Poverty & Social Policy, Institute for Child, Youth and Family Policy, Brandeis University) Lee, Jiwan, Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores, Collyer, Sophie, Joshi, Pamela, Kaushal, Neeraj, Walters, Abigail N., and Wimer, Christopher | April 2024 - Children Left Behind by the Child Tax Credit in 2022
(Columbia Center on Poverty & Social Policy) Sophie Collyer, Megan Curran, David Harris, and Christopher Wimer | December 2023 - What Would 2022 Child Poverty Rates Have Looked Like if an Expanded Child Tax Credit Had Still Been in Place?
(Columbia Center on Poverty & Social Policy) Anastasia Koutavas, Christopher Yera, Sophie Collyer, Megan Curran, David Harris, & Christopher Wimer | December 2023 - Counting Children Fully in Economic Impact Payments and Other Cash Assistance Policies Matters for Poverty Reduction
(Columbia Center on Poverty & Social Policy) Jiwan Lee, Sophie Collyer, Megan Curran, David Harris, and Christopher Wimer | October 2023 - State-Level Poverty Impacts of the Child Tax Credit in 2021
(Columbia Center on Poverty & Social Policy) Danielle Wilson, Sophie Collyer, Bradley Hardy, and Christopher Wimer | October 2023 - The Anti-Poverty and Income-Boosting Impacts of the Enhanced CTC
White House Counsel of Economic Advisers | November 2023 - Child Tax Credit State Fact Sheets
Children Thrive Action Network | July 2023 - Effects of the Expanded Child Tax Credit on Household Spending: Estimates Based on U.S. Consumer Expediture Survey Data
Center on Poverty & Social Policy at Columbia University Schild, Jake; Collyer, Sophie M.; Garner, Thesia; Kaushal, Neeraj; Lee, Jiwan; Waldfogel, Jane; Wimer, Christopher T. | June 2023 - Expanding the Child Tax Credit Would Help 60 Million Kids, Especially Those in Families with Low Incomes
Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy Hughes, John | June 2023 - The 2021 Child Tax Credit, the Living Arrangements and Housing Affordability of Families with Low Incomes
National Bureau of Economic Research Pilkauskas, Natasha V.; Michelmore, Katherine; Kovski, Nicole | June 2023 - Let Us Rise: How Parents and Caregivers Would Design a Permanent Child Allowance to Advance Racial and Economic Justice
Center for the Study of Social Policy Minoff, Elisa | May 2023 - The Antipoverty Effects of the Expanded Child Tax Credit Across States: Where Were the Historic Reductions Felt?
Hamilton Project Hardy, Bradley L.; Collyer, Sophie M.; Wimer, Christopher T. | March 2023 - It Helped Us More Than I Ever Could Have Imagined”: How the 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit Supported Families Raising Children with Disabilities
Boston University School of Social Work, Center for Innovation in Social Work & Health, Catalyst Center Brugger, Laura; Roll, Stephen; Hamilton, Leah; Baughman, Allyson; Comeau, Meg; Jarzombek, Candace; Parker, Caroline | March 2023 - Real-Time Poverty, Material Well-Being, and the Child Tax Credit
National Bureau of Economic Research Han, Jeehoon; Meyer, Bruce D.; Sullivan, James X. | December 2022 - Research Roundup of the Expanded Child Tax Credit: One Year On
Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University Curran, Megan A. | November 2022 - The 2021 Child Tax Credit Expansion: Child Poverty Reduction and the Children Formerly Left Behind
Center on Poverty & Social Policy at Columbia University Wimer, Christopher; Collyer, Sophie; Harris, David; Lee, Jiwan | November 2022 - State Child Tax Credits and Child Poverty: A 50-State Analysis
Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy and the Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University on behalf of Share Our Strength Collyer, Sophie; Curran, Megan; Davis, Aidan; Harris, David; Wimer, Christopher | November 2022 - The Child Tax Credit & Family Economic Security: Findings from the Center for the Study of Social Policy’s Survey of Families with Children
Center for the Study of Social Policy Blount, David and Minoff, Elisa | October 2022 - Census Data Shows Need to Make 2021 Child Tax Credit Expansion Permanent
Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy Hughes, John | September 2022 - How Parents Use the Child Tax Credit, and Implications of Ended Monthly Payments Key Findings, July 2022 Continental U.S. Survey
Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP) Burnside, Ashley; Fuller, Bruce; and Zhang, Qifan | September 2022 - Puerto Rican Parents Claiming the Child Tax Credit, and Spending Payments Towards Necessities and Education
Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP) Burnside, Ashley; Fuller, Bruce; and Zhang, Qifan | September 2022 - Unconditional Cash and Family Investments in Infants: Evidence from a Large-Scale Cash Transfer Experiment in the U.S.
Gennetian, Lisa A.; Duncan, Greg; Fox, Nathan A.; Magnuson, Katherine; Halpern-Meekin, Sarah; Noble, Kimberly G.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu | August 2022 - The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Child Tax Credit Give Temporary Income Boost to Low-Income Families
Columbia University Center on Poverty and Social Policy Parolin, Zachary; Collyer, Sophie; Curran, Megan A. | May 2022 - How Child Tax Credit Payments Affected Families with Young Children
RAPID Survey | April 2022 - The Impacts of the 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit on Family Employment, Nutrition, and Financial Well-Being
Brookings Institution Hamilton, Leah; Roll, Stephen; Despard, Mathieu; Maag, Elaine; Chun, Yung; Brugger, Laura; Grinstein-Weiss, Michal | April 2022 - The Expanded Child Tax Credit is Helping Families, but National Survey Shows Continued Outreach Remains Essential
Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP) | April 2022 - Rural-Urban Differences in Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences
Rural Health Research Gateway | March 2022 - The Role of Government Transfers in the Black-White Poverty Gap
Center on Poverty & Social Policy at Columbia University | March 2022 - Who Beneftis from the Child Tax Credit?
University of Chicago Goldin, Jacob and Michelmore, Katherine | January 2022 - The Child Tax Credit is Buffering Families from Financial Hardship
RAPID Survey | December 2021 - October Child Tax Credit Payment Kept 3.6 Million Children from Poverty
Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University | November 2021 - Key Findings from the National Child Tax Credit Survey: CTC Monthly Payments are Helping Improve Family Well-Being\
Center for Law and Social Policy (CLASP) Burnside, Ashley | November 2021 - Who Has Received Advance Child Tax Credit Payments, and How Were the Payments Used?
Urban Institute Karpman, Michael; Maag, Elaine; Kenney, Genevieve; Wissoker, Douglas | November 2021 - Are Black and Latine Families with Babies Feeling Relief from the Child Tax Credit?
Equity Research Action Coalition UNC Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute Iruka, Iheoma U.; Bathia, Dharini; Suggs, Milton; Hunter-Rainey, Sharrion; Forte, Alexandra; Camero, Danay; Liy, Adis; Sims; Jacqueline | November 2021 - Second Child Tax Credit Payment Keeps 3.5 Million Children Out of Poverty
Center on Poverty & Social Policy at Columbia University Parolin, Zachary and Curran, Megan A. | September 2021 - Expanding the Child Tax Credit Could Lift Millions of Children out of Poverty
Urban Institute Acs, Gregory and Werner, Kevin | September 2021 - Employment, Financial and Well-being Effects of the 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit
Washington University in St. Louis, Social Policy Institute Hamilton, Leah; Roll, Stephen; Despard, Mathieu; Maag, Elaine; Chun, Yung | September 2021 - Measuring the Child Tax Credit’s Economic and Community Impact
Niskanen Center Hammond, Samuel and Orr, Robert | August 2021 - How a Permanent Expansion of the Child Tax Credit Could Affect Poverty
Urban Institute Acs, Gregory and Werner, Kevin | July 2021 - Matching Time to Need: Refundable Tax Credit Disbursement Options
Center on Poverty and Inequality, Georgetown Law Holt, Steve; Grant, Kali; Aderonmu, Funke | November 2020 - Supporting Children and Families Through the Pandemic, and After: The Case for a US Child Allowance
Center on Poverty & Social Policy at Columbia University and Center for the Study of Social Policy Curran, Megan A. and Minoff. Elisa | August 2020 - What a Child Allowance Like Canada’s Would Do for Child Poverty in America
The Century Foundation Collyer, Sophie; Curran, Megan A.; Garfinkel, Irwin; Harris, David; Waldfogel, Jane; Wimer, Christopher | July 2020 - A Better Child Tax Credit During the COVID-19 Crisis
The Century Foundation Curran, Megan A. | May 2020 - New Analysis from CDF: Why the Child Tax Credit Must be Expanded to Fight Child Poverty During and Beyond this Pandemic
Children’s Defense Fund Emma Mehrabi | May 2020 - Economic Security in Good Times and Bad: Why We Need a Child Allowance
Center for the Study of Social Poliicy | March 2020 - Comparing Recent Income Maintenance Proposals
Columbia University Center on Poverty & Social Policy Hartley, Robert Paul and Garfinkel, Irwin | February 2020 - A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty Summary
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine | July 2019 - Implementing a Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty
First Focus Campaign for Children | June 2019 - Left Behind: The One-Third of Children in Families Who Earn Too Little to Get the Full Child Tax Credit
Columbia University Center on Poverty and Social Policy and Children’s Research and Education Institute Collyer, Sophie; Harris, David; Wimer, Christopher | May 2019 - Ending Child Poverty Now
Children’s Defense Fund | April 2019 - Kids’ Share July 2018: Report on Federal Expenditures on Children through 2017 and Future Projections
Urban Institute Isaacs, Julia B.; Lou, Cary; Hahn, Heather; Hong, Ashley; Quakenbush, Caleb; Steurle, C. Eugene | July 2018 - Estimating the Economic Cost of Childhood Poverty in the United States
Social Work Research McLaughlin, Michael and Rank, Mark R. | June 2018 - A Child Allowance: The Big Antipoverty Impacts of Small Amounts of Cash
The Century Foundation Stettner, Andrew | April 2018 - A Universal Child Allowance: A Plan to Reduce Poverty and Income Instability among Children in the United States
Russell Sage Foundation Shaefer, H. Luke; Collyer, Sophie; Duncan, Greg; Edin, Kathryn; Garfinkel, Irwin; Harris, David; Smeeding, Timothy M.; Waldfogel, Jane; Wimer, Christopher; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu | February 2018 - Cash Assistance and Tax Credits: Critical Support for Infants, Toddlers, and Families
ZERO TO THREE | October 2017 - Family Tax Policy: A Path Forward to Lifting Children out of Poverty
U.S. Child Poverty Action Group | March 2017 - Effective Policy for Reducing Poverty and Inequality? The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Distribution of Income
Hoynes, Hilary W. and Patel, Ankur J. | November 2016 - Doing More for Our Children: Modeling a Universal Child Allowance or More Generous Child Tax Credit
The Century Foundation Garfinkel, Irwin; Harris, David; Waldfogel, Jane; Wimer, Christopher | March 2016 - Catching Up on the Cost of Raising Children: Creating an American Child Allowance
First Focus Curran, Megan A. | March 2015 - Tackling Poverty Through the Implementation of a Child Allowance Program
First Focus Matthew Brunenig | March 2015 - Redistribution and Tax Expenditures: the Earned Income Tax Credit
Eissa, Nada and Hoynes, Hilary | June 2011 - Building Family Economic Success: The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
The Annie E. Casey Foundation | August 2005
Health & Nutrition
- Hunger is a Political Choice
(Hunger Free America) Gibson, Angelica; Berg, Joel; and Moscaritolo, Kim | November 2023 - Exploring the Effects of Medicaid During Childhood on the Economy and the Budget
(Congressional Budget Office) Elizabeth Ash, William Carrington, Rebecca Heller, Grace Hwang, | November 2023 - Changes in Self-Reported Adult Health and Household Food Security with the 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credit Monthly Payments
JAMA Network Rook, Jordan M.; Yama, Cecile L.; Schickedanz, Adam B.; et al. | June 2023 - The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Vital Resource for Children, Youth, and Families
Center for the Study of Social Policy Minoff, Elisa | June 2023 - The Effects of Cash Transfers on Adult and Child Mortality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Nature Richterman, Alan; Millien, Christophe; Bair, Elizabeth F.; Jerome, Gregory; Suffrin, Jean Christophe Dimitri; Behrman, Jere R.; Thirumurthy, Harsha | May 2023 - Association of the Expiration of Child Tax Credit Advance Payments with Food Insufficiency in US Households
JAMA Network Bovell-Ammon, Allison; McCann, Nicole C.; Mulugeta, Martha; Ettinger de Cuba, Stephanie; Raifman, Julia; Shafer, Paul | October 2022 - The Effects of Income on the Economic Wellbeing of Families with Low Incomes: Evidence from the 2021 Expanded Child Tax Credits
Pilkauskas, Natasha; Michelmore, Katherine; Kovski, Nicole; Shaefer, H. Luke | October 2022 - The Differential Effects of Monthly and Lump-Sum Child Tax Credit Payments on Food and Housing Hardship
Parolin, Zachary; Ananat, Elizabeth; Collyer, Sophie; Curran, Megan; Wimer, Christopher | September 2022 - Food Insufficiency in Families with Children Increased After Expiration of Child Tax Credit Monthly Payments
Children’s Health Watch Bovell-Ammon, Allison; McCann, Nicole; Mulugeta, Martha; Ettinger de Cuba, Stephanie; Raifman, Julia; Shafer, Paul | April 2022 - The 2021 Child Tax Credit: Implications for Health
Health Affairs Maag, Elaine | February 2022 - The Initial Effects of the Expanded Child Tax Credit on Material Hardship
Center on Poverty & Social Policy at Columbia University | August 2021 - The Real Value of SNAP Benefits and Health Outcomes
Hoynes, Hilary; Bronchetti, Erin; Christensen, Garret | January 2017 - Impoverished children with access to food stamps become healthier and wealthier adults
Douglas Almond, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Hilary Hoynes | May 2016 - Mediators and Adverse Effects of Child Poverty in the United States
Pascoe, John M.; Wood, David L.; Duffee, James H.; Kuo, Alice | April 2016
Long-Term Child Outcomes
- How Do Children and Society Benefit from Public Investments in Children?
(Urban Institute) Farr, Anna, Lou, Cary, and Sumiko Daly, Hannah | September 2024 - THE POTENTIAL LONG-RUN IMPLICATIONS OF A PERMANENTLY-EXPANDED CHILD TAX CREDIT (we should note its an update to Benefits and Costs of a Child Allowance from 2022 from Garfinkel, Ananat, and others)
Ananat, Elizabeth and Garfinkel, Irwin | August 2024 - Comparing the Long-Term Impacts of Different Child Well-Being Improvements
(Urban Institute) Werner, Kevin, Acs, Gregory, and Blagg, Kristin | March 2024 - The Long-Term Impacts of Cash Assistance to Families
(Urban Institute) Werner, Kevin | January 2024 - Is the Social Safety Net a Long Term Investment? Large-Scale Evidence from the Food Stamps Program
The Review of Economic Studies Bailey, Martha J.; Hoynes, Hilary; Rossin-Slater, Maya; Walker, Reed | June 2023 - Magnolia Mother’s Trust Alumni Study Report: A Dual-Generational Examination of the Long-Term Impacts of Guaranteed Income
Social Insights Research Moore, Asia; Ebba, Christyl Wilson; Karim, Nidal; Rowe-Harriott, Sashana; Campos, Stephanie | April 2023 - The Benefits and Costs of a Child Allowance
Garfinkel, Irwin; Sariscany, Laurel; Ananat, Elizabeth; Collyer, Sophie; Hartley, Robert P.; Wang, Buyi; Wimer, Christopher | September 2022 - Investing in Infants: The Lasting Effects of Cash Transfers to New Families
Barr, Andrew C.; Eggleston, Jonathan; Smith, Alexander A. | August 2022 - Reducing Child Poverty Can Promote Children’s Development and Productivity in Adulthood
SRCD Duncan, Greg J. and Hoynes, Hilary | October 2021 - Effect of the Jamaica Early Childhood Stimulation Intervention on Labor Market Outcomes at Age 31
National Bureau of Economic Research Gertler, Paul; Heckman, James J.; Pinto, Rodrigo; Chang, Susan M.; Grantham-McGregor, Sally; Vermeersch, Christel; Walker, Susan; Wright, Amika | September 2021 - A United Welfare Analysis of Government Policies
Harvard University Hendren, Nathan and Sprung-Keyser, Ben | February 2020 - The Long-Term Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Children’s Educational and Employment Outcomes
Bastian, Jacob and Michelmore, Katherine | October 2018 - Long-Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net
American Economic Review Hoynes, Hilary; Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore; Almond, Douglas | April 2016 - EITC and Child Tax Credit Promote Work, Reduce Poverty, and Support Children’s Development, Research Finds
Marr, Chuck; Huang, Chye-Ching; Sherman, Arloc; Debot, Brandon | October 2015 - Using Differences in Knowledge Across Neighborhoods to Uncover the Impacts of the EITC on Earnings
Chetty, Raj; Friedman, John N.; Saez, Emmanuel | December 2013 - The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit
American Economic Review Dahl, Gordon B. and Lochner, Lance | August 2012 - The Long Reach of Early Childhood Poverty
Duncan, Greg J. and Magnuson, Katherine | December 2011 - Does Money Really Matter? Estimating Impacts of Family Income on Young Children’s Achievement with Data from Random-Assignment Experiments
Duncan, Greg J.; Morris, Pamela A.; Rodrigues, Chris | September 2011 - Parents’ Incomes and Children’s Outcomes: A Quasi-Experiment
NIH, National Library of Medicine Akee, Randall K.Q.; Copeland, William E.; Keeler, Gordon; Angold, Adrian; Costello, Elizabeth J. | June 2010
State / Local Impact
- How a Permanent Expansion of the Child Tax Credit Could Affect Poverty, Gregory Acs and Kevin Werner, Urban Institute | July 2021
- How Much Would Child Poverty Reduce in Each State if Every Eligible Person Received Safety Net Benefits? Linda Giannarelli, Sarah Minton, Laura Wheaton, and Sarah Knowles, Urban Institute | August 15, 2023
- Year-End Tax Policy Priority: Expand the Child Tax Credit for the 19 Million Children Who Receive Less Than the Full Credit, Chuck Marr, Kris Cox, Sarah Calame, Stephanie Hingtgen, George Fenton, and Arloc Sherman, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities | December 7, 2022
- The Antipoverty Effects of the Expanded Child Tax Credit across States: Where were the Historic Reductions Felt? Bradley Hardy, Sophie Collyer, and Christopher Wimer, Hamilton Project at the Brookings Institute | March 2023
- Report: Measuring the Child Tax Credit’s Economic and Community Impact, Sammuel Hammond, Robert Orr, Niskanen Center, August 2, 2021
- Refundable Tax Credits a Winning Policy Choice Again in 2023, Neva Butkus, Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy | July 7, 2023
- State Child Tax Credits and Child Poverty: A 50-State Analysis, Aidan Davis, Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy | November 16, 2022
- Kids Count Data Center, Annie E. Casey Foundation